Neurodegenerative Disease and Micronutrients

Evolution, Sources, and Functions of Antioxidant Systems Introduction Evolution of Antioxidant Systems Antioxidant Systems Antioxidant Systems Brief History of Discovery of Some Micronutrients Sources and Forms of Vitamins Solubility of Antioxidants and Polyphenols Distribution of Antioxidants in the Body Storing of Antioxidants Can Antioxidants Be Destroyed during Cooking? Absorption of Antioxidant and Its Significance Functions of Individual Antioxidants Current Controversies about Antioxidants in Prevention of Chronic Diseases Antioxidant Defense Systems Known Functions of Antioxidants and Polyphenolic Compounds Conclusions Oxidative Stress and Inflammation: Their Reduction by Micronutrients Introduction Oxidative Stress Oxidation and Reduction Processes How to Reduce Oxidative Stress Optimally Factors Regulating Response of Nrf2 Differential Response of Nrf2 to ROS Stimulation during Acute and Chronic Oxidative Stress Interpretation of Inhibition of Exercise-Induced Nrf2 Activation by Individual Antioxidant NAC-Effects on Murine Alveolar Cells in Culture Activation of Nrf2 by Diet Restriction Inflammation Types of Inflammation Products of Inflammatory Reactions How to Reduce Chronic Inflammation Optimally Conclusions Etiology of Alzheimer's Disease: Prevention and Improved Management by Micronutrients Introduction Prevalence, Incidence, and Cost of AD Cost of Health and Long-Term Care Services Types of Dementia Neuropathology of AD Causes of AD External Risk Factors for the Development of AD Internal Risk Factors for Development and Progression of AD Mitochondrial Dysfunction Generation and Aggregation of Ass1-42 Peptides from APP Cholesterol-Induced Generation of Beta-Amyloids Mutated APP, Presenilin-1, and Presenilin-2 Genes Cause Increased Production of Beta-Amyloids Increased Levels of Markers of Chronic Inflammation in AD P-Tau Protein in AD Proteasome Inhibition-Induced Neurodegeneration in AD Genetic Defects in Idiopathic AD Neuroglobin How to Reduce Oxidative Stress Optimally Differential Response of Nrf2 to ROS Stimulation during Acute and Chronic Oxidative Stress Nrf2 in AD Laboratory and Clinical Studies with Antioxidants in AD B Vitamins Polyphenolic Compounds Prevention of AD Problems of Using a Single Nutrient in AD Rationale for Using Multiple Micronutrients in AD Rational for Using Low-Dose NSAID in AD Prevention Can the Familial AD Be Prevented or Delayed? Recommended Micronutrients in Combination with Low-Doses of NSAID for Primary Prevention of AD Recommended Micronutrients in Combination with Low-Doses of NSAID for Secondary Prevention Current Treatments of AD Recommended Micronutrients and Low Dose of NSAID in Combination with Standard Therapy in Patients with Dementia with or without AD Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations for AD Conclusions Etiology of Parkinson's Disease: Prevention and Improved Management by Micronutrients Introduction Prevalence and Incidence Cost Neuropathology and Symptoms Causes of PD External Factors That Influence Risk of Developing PD Internal Factors Influencing Development and Progression of PD Increased Oxidative Stress in PD Mitochondrial Dysfunction in PD Increased Chronic Inflammation in PD Mutations or Overexpression in PD-Related Genes DJ-1 Gene Alpha-Synuclein Gene PTEN-Induced Putative Kinase 1 Gene Parkin Gene Mutation in Lysosomal Gene SMPD1 Proteomic Profiling of Substantia Nigra in PD How to Reduce Oxidative Stress Optimally Differential Response of Nrf2 to ROS Stimulation during Acute and Chronic Oxidative Stress Nrf2 in Parkinson's Disease Laboratory and Human Studies in PD after Treatment with Antioxidants and Polyphenolic Compounds Studies on In Vitro PD Models Studies on Human PD NAD/NADH Prevention of PD Problems of Using Single Antioxidant in PD Patients Rationale for Using Multiple Micronutrients in PD Rationale for Using NSAID in PD Prevention Can the Familial PD Be Prevented or Delayed? Recommended Micronutrient Supplement in Combination with Low Doses of NSAID for Primary Prevention of PD Recommended Micronutrients in Combination with Low Doses of NSAID for Secondary Prevention Treatments of PD Rationale for Using Micronutrient Supplement and NSAID in Combination with Standard Therapy in PD Patients Recommended Micronutrient Supplement and Low Doses of NSAID in Combination with Standard Therapy in PD Patients Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations for PD Conclusions Huntington's Disease: Prevention and Improved Management by Micronutrients Introduction Incidence, Prevalence, and Cost Huntington Gene Symptoms and Neuropathology of HD Animal Models of HD Increased Oxidative Stress in HD Mitochondrial Dysfunction in HD Increased Chronic Inflammation in HD Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity in HD Glutamate Transporter Proteins in HD Neurotransmitter Receptors Kynurenine Pathway in HD Protection by Growth Factors in HD Transcriptional Deregulation in HD Calretinin Protein Protects Neurons in HD Reduced Acetylcholine Release in HD How to Reduce Oxidative Stress Optimally Differential Response of Nrf2 to ROS Stimulation during Acute and Chronic Oxidative Stress Nrf2 in HD Laboratory and Clinical Studies on Antioxidants and Polyphenolic Compounds Problems of Using a Single Antioxidant in HD Patients Rationale for Using Multiple Antioxidants in a Micronutrient Preparation Can the HD Be Prevented or Delayed? Prevention and/or Delaying the Onset of HD Proposed Prevention and/or Delaying Strategies for the Onset of HD Current Treatments of HD Medications for Psychiatric Disorders Clinical Studies with Additional Drugs in HD Recommended Micronutrients in Combination with Standard Therapy Recommendations for Diet and Lifestyle Changes Conclusions References Etiology of Post-traumatic Stress Disorders: Prevention and Improved Management by Micronutrients Introduction Prevalence, Incidence, and Cost of PTSD Neuropathology Major Biochemical Events How to Reduce Oxidative Stress, Chronic Inflammation, and Glutamate Release Differential Response of Nrf2 to ROS Generated during Acute and Chronic Oxidative Stress Nrf2 in PTSD Activation of Nrf2 by Diet Restriction Studies on Antioxidants in PTSD Proposed PTSD Prevention Studies Problems of Using Single Micronutrient in PTSD Rationale for Using Multiple Micronutrients in PTSD Prevention Proposed Micronutrients for Primary PTSD Prevention Toxicity of Ingredients in Proposed Micronutrient Preparation Proposed Micronutrients for Secondary Prevention in High-Risk Populations Current Standard Therapy for PTSD Recommended Micronutrients in Combination with Standard Therapy in PTSD Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations for PTSD Conclusions Traumatic Brain Injury: Improved Management by Micronutrients Introduction Incidence and Cost of TBI Causes of Severe TBI Symptoms Neuropathology Scoring System of Severity of TBI Risk of PTSD Associated with TBI Biochemical Events That Contribute to the Progression of Damage after Severe TBI Evidence for Increased Oxidative Stress after Severe TBI Mitochondrial Dysfunction after Severe TBI Evidence for Increased Levels of Markers of Inflammation after Severe TBI Evidence for Increased Release of Glutamate after Severe TBI Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases after Severe TBI How to Reduce Oxidative Stress, Chronic Inflammation, and Glutamate Release Differential Response of Nrf2 to ROS Generated during Acute and Chronic Oxidative Stress Nrf2 in TBI Studies on Effects of Single Antioxidants after Severe TBI Effects of Preparation of Multiple Micronutrients in Troops with TBI Antioxidants Reduce Glutamate Release Prevention Strategies for Severe TBI Problems of Using Single Micronutrients after Severe TBI Rationale for Using Multiple Micronutrients for Reducing the Progression of TBI Proposed Micronutrients for Primary Prevention of TBI Toxicity of Ingredients in Proposed Micronutrient Preparation Proposed Micronutrients for Secondary Prevention in Combination with Standard Therapy Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations for Severe TBI Conclusions Concussive Brain Injuries: Prevention and Improved Management by Micronutrients Introduction Incidence Cost Causes and Symptoms of Concussive Injury Long-Term Health Consequences of Concussions Increased Oxidative Stress and Inflammation How to Reduce Oxidative Stress, Chronic Inflammation, and Glutamate Release Differential Response of Nrf2 to ROS Generated during Acute and Chronic Oxidative Stress Nrf2 in Concussive Brain Injury Prevention Strategies for Concussive Injury Problems of Using Single Micronutrients in Concussive Injury Rationale for Using Multiple Micronutrients for Reducing Development and Progression of Concussive Injury Evidence Supporting Effectiveness of Micronutrient Preparation Proposed Micronutrients for Primary Prevention of Concussive Injury Toxicity of Ingredients in Proposed Micronutrient Preparation Proposed Micronutrients for Secondary Prevention in Combination with Standard Therapy after Concussions Recommended Mic