Hypertension

Section 1: Background and History 1. History of Clinical Hypertension 2. The National High Blood Pressure Education Program 3. Epidemiology of Hypertension Section 2: Pathophysiology 4. Pathophysiology of Hypertension 5. Blood Pressure Genetics 6. Sympathetic Nervous System in Acute and Chronic Blood Pressure Evaluation 7. Evironmental and Psychosocial Stress in Hypertension Onset and Progression 8. Renin 9. The Genetics of Salt-Related Hypertension 10. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme: Properties and Function 11. Angiotensin 1-7 12. The Angiotensin Receptors: AT1 and AT2 13. Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoids 14. What is the Role of Insulin Resistance and Compulsory Hyperinsulinemia in the Pathogenesis and Clinical Course of Patients with Essential Hypertension? 15. Remodelling of Resistance Arteries in Hypertension 16. Arterial Stiffness in Hypertension 17. Endothelium in Hypertension: Nitric Oxide 18. Endothelium in Hypertension: Endothelin, Prostanoids and Other Mediators. 19. The Natriuretic Peptides 20. Vasodilator Peptides: CGRP, Substance P, and Adrenomedullin 21. Kallikrein - Kinin Systems Section 3: TargetOrgan Damage/Cardiovascular Events 22. The Concept of Total Risk 23. New Interpretations of Blood Pressure: The Importance ofPulse Pressure 24. Coronary Atherosclerotic Sequelae of Hypertension 25. Left Ventricular Hypertrophy, Congestive Heart Failure, and Coronary Flow Reserve Abnormalities in Hypertension 26. Chronic Renal Insufficiency: Slowing its Progression Section 4: Diagnosis 27. Initial Evaluation and Follow-up Assessment 28. Prognostic and Diagnostic Value of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring 29. White Coat Hypertension Section 5: General Consideration 30. Benefits of Treating Hypertension: The Clinical Trialists Collaborative Group 31. The Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering to Prevent Heart Attack Trial 32. The LIFE Study 33. The VALUE Trial 34. Clinical Outcome Trials of Hypertension with Angiotensin Receptor Blockers 35. Clinical Trials in Hypertension and Diabetes 36. ACE Inhibitor Trials: Effects in Hypertension 37. Critical Assessment of Hypertension Guidelines 38. Current Prescribing Practices 39. Calcium Channel Blockers: Controversies, Lessons and Outcomes 40. Nursing Clinics in the Management of Hypertension 41. Community Outreach 42. Medication Adherence for Antihypertensive Therapy Section 6: Diet and Nutrition 43. Micronutrients 44. Dietary Approaches to Hypertension Management: The DASH Studies 45. Obesity and Hypertension: Effects on the Cardiovascular and Renal Systems 46. Alcohol and Hypertension 47. Obesity in Hypertension: The Role of Diet and Drugs 48. Exercise and Hypertension Section 7:Pharmacological Treatment 49. Initial Choices in the Treatment of Hypertension 50. Pharmacokinetics of Antihypertensive Drugs 51.Fixed Combination Antihypertensive Therapy 52. Chronotherapeutics in the Treatment of Hypertension Section 8: Comorbid Conditions and Special Populations in Hypertension 53. Diabetes Mellitis and the Cardiovascular/Metabolic Syndrome: Reducing Cardiovascular and Renal Events 54. Hypertension in Patients on Renal Replacement Therapy 55. Ischemic Heart Disease in Hypertension 56. Hypertension in the Elderly 57. Management of Hypertension in Black Populations 58. Hypertension in Pregnancy 59. Hypertension in Children 60. Resistant Hypertension 61. Orthostatic Hypotension and Autonomic Dysfunction Syndromes Section 9: Individual Drug Classes 62. Diuretics: Mechanisms of Action 63. Beta-Adrenergic Blockers 64. Alpha-Adrenoceptor Blockers 65. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors 66. Calcium Antagonists 67. Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists 68. Direct Acting Smooth Muscle Vasodilators and Adrenergic Inhibitors 69. Endothelin Antagonists 70. Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists 71. Vasopeptidase Inhibitors 72. Renin Inhibitors Section 10: Secondary Hypertension 73. Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Hypertension 74. Renovascular Hypertension: Diagnosis and Treatment 75. Adrenal Cortex Hypertension 76. Pheochromocytoma: Detection and Management 77. Anesthesia and Hypertension 78. Management of Hypertensive Emergencies and Urgencies 79. Aggressive Blood Pressure Targets: Developing Effective Algorithms