Vitamin D deficiency, circulating levels lower than 15 ng/ml, is an epidemic disease worldwide with more than a billion people suffering of it in the beginning of the 21-century. Besides its impact on mineral and bone metabolism, these low vitamin D levels are also associated with a diversity of non-skeletal complications, among them cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, multiple sclerosis, cancer, tuberculosis, and immune system dysfunction. Chronic Kidney Disease is also a very common disease, affecting more than 10% of the world population, ranging from stage 1 to stage 5 before dialysis. Approximately 1% of the population in industrialized countries is affected by end-stage renal disease (ESRD), needing a renal replacement therapy either hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis, and ultimately by renal transplantation. Those CKD patients are more susceptible to exhibit reduced vitamin D stocks. Consequently, more than eighty percent of CKD patients have either insufficient or deficient vitamin D levels for multiple reasons.
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Section I. Generalities, Measurement and Epidemiology Chapter 1. Vitamin D Metabolism in Normal and Chronic Kidney Disease States Chapter 2. Epidemiology of Vitamin D Deficiency in Chronic Kidney Disease Chapter 3. Molecular Biology of Vitamin D: Genomic and Nongenomic Actions of Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease Chapter 4. Vitamin D Receptor and Interaction with DNA: From Physiology to Chronic Kidney Disease Chapter 5. Measurement of Circulating 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D and Vitamin D-Binding Protein in Chronic Kidney Diseases SECTION II. Classical Mineral and Bone Effects Chapter 6. Vitamin D and Racial Differences in Chronic Kidney Disease Chapter 7. Vitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone Regulation in Chronic Kidney Disease Chapter 8. The Parathyroid Type I Receptor and Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease Chapter 9. Vitamin D and Klotho in Chronic Kidney Disease Chapter 10. Vitamin D and FGF23 in Chronic Kidney Disease Chapter 11. Wnt/sclerostin and the Relation with Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease Chapter 12. Vitamin D and Bone in Chronic Kidney Disease Chapter 13. Vitamin D in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Focus on Longitudinal Bone Growth SECTION III. Non-classical Effects of Vitamin D Chapter 14. Vitamin D and Progression of Renal Failure Chapter 15. Vitamin D and Diabetes in Chronic Kidney Disease Chapter 16. Vitamin D and Muscle in Chronic Kidney Disease Chapter 17. Vitamin D Deficiency and Infection in Chronic Kidney Disease Chapter 18. Vitamin D and Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease Chapter 19. Vitamin D and Heart Structure and Function in Chronic Kidney Disease Chapter 20. Vitamin D and Endothelial Function in Chronic Kidney Disease Chapter 21. Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease< Chapter 22. Calciphylaxis and Vitamin D Chapter 23. Vitamin D and Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease Chapter 24. Vitamin D and Mortality Risk in Chronic Kidney Disease SECTION IV: Kidney Transplantation Chapter 25. Vitamin D in Kidney Transplantation Chapter 26. Vitamin D in Acute and Chronic Rejection of Transplanted Kidney Chapter 27. Nutrition and Dietary Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease Chapter 28. Natural Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease Chapter 29. Which Vitamin D in Chronic Kidney Disease: Nutritional or Active Vitamin D? Or both? Chapter 30. Use of New Vitamin D Analogs in Chronic Kidney Disease Chapter 31. Interaction Between Vitamin D and Calcimimetics in Chronic Kidney Disease
