The hemodynamic evaluation of patients with acute circulatory failure and respiratory failure has in the past usually been performed using invasive procedures but in recent years less invasive monitoring devices have been introduced. Echocardiography can be used for both the diagnosis and the management of circulatory and respiratory failure. This book provides all the essential information required by readers in order to perform optimal hemodynamic management of the critically ill based on echocardiographic guidance. After an introductory section on basic principles, hemodynamic assessment using echocardiography is discussed in detail. The diagnosis and management of all types of circulatory and acute respiratory failure by means of echocardiography are then rigorously considered, and specific situations such as thoracic trauma and acute aortic syndrome are examined. The final section is devoted to future issues and applications.
Overview.- Part 1: Principles of ultrasounds and principal views: .- Transthoracic echocardiography: normal two-dimensional and Doppler imaging.-Transesophageal echocardiography: normal two dimensional imaging.- Part 2: Hemodynamic assessment:.- Heart lung interactions in mechanical ventilation.- Measurement of cardiac output.-Assessment of fluid requirements : Fluid-responsiveness: dynamic approach.-Assessment of fluid requirements : The fluid challenge.- Evaluation of left ventricular systolic function.-Hemodynamic evaluation in the patient with arrhythmias.- Part 3: Diagnosis and management of circulatory failure:.- Diagnosing the mechanism of circulatory failure.-Septic shock.-Cardiogenic shock.-Right ventricular failure.-Cardiac tamponade.-Echocardiography in extracorporeal life support.- Part 4: Diagnosis and management of acute respiratory failure: Pulmonary edema.-Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS).- Part 5: Specific situations: Thoracic trauma.-Hemodynamic instability in cardiac surgical patients.-Acute aortic syndrome.- Part 6: Outlook: Learning and competence in critical care echocardiography.-Echocardiography alone or echocardiography coupled with other hemodynamic devices?-Future applications?
