Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics

Volume 1

Part I. The Field of Pediatrics
Chapter 1. Overview of Pediatrics
Vital Statistics About Children’s Health Globally
The Changing Pediatric World
The New Normal: Pandemics
The New Morbidities
Chronic Illness and Children with Special Healthcare Needs
Systems of Care
Chapter 2. Child Health Disparities
Root Historical Causes of Structural Determinants of Health and Health Disparities
2.1. Racism and Child Health
Chapter 3. Global Child Health
Global Burden and Trends in Child Health
The Social Determinants of Child Health and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Evidence-Based Interventions and Innovations to Address Child Health Inequities
Challenges in Global Health
Chapter 4. Quality and Value in Healthcare for Children
The Need for Improvement in Quality and Value
What are Quality and Value?
Frameworks for Quality Improvement
Measuring Quality
Analyzing Quality Data
Expanding Individual Quality Improvement Initiatives to Scale
Comparing and Reporting Quality
Implications of the U.S. Healthcare Reform for Quality
Chapter 5. Safety in Healthcare for Children
Error VS Harm
Safety Frameworks
Identifying and Analyzing Harm, Errors, and Latent Threats
Safety Culture
Reliability Science, Human Factors Engineering, and High-Reliability Organizations
Serious Harm Events and Healthcare-Associated Conditions
Safety Opportunities and Gaps
Emerging Areas of Safety Research and Improvement
Chapter 6. Ethics in Pediatric Care
Assent and Parental Permission
Treatment of Critically ill Children
Neonatal Ethics
Declaring Death and Organ Donation
Religious or Cultural Objections to Treatment
Pediatric Ethics Committees and Ethics Consultation
Newborn Screening
Genetics, Genomics, and Precision Medicine
Adolescent Healthcare
Research
Justice and Pediatric Ethics
Chapter 7. Complementary Therapies and Integrative Medicine
Dietary Supplements
Dietary Supplement Safety
Dietary Supplement Efficacy
Massage and Chiropractic
Mind-Body Therapies
Acupuncture
Cannabis
Internet Resources
Chapter 8. Pediatric Palliative Care
Goals of Care and Decision-Making
Advance Care Planning
Care Settings
Communication and Anticipatory Guidance
Chapter 9. Domestic and International Adoption
Domestic Adoption
Intercountry Adoption
Role of Pediatricians
Chapter 10. Foster and Kinship Care
Epidemiology
Legislation in the United States
Early Childhood Trauma Leads to Poor Health Outcomes
Health Issues
Healthcare for Children and Adolescents in Foster Care
Chapter 11. Medical Evaluation of the Foreign-Born Child
Commonly Encountered Infections
Immunizations
Chapter 12. Cultural Issues in Pediatric Care
What is Culture?
Culturally Informed Care
Chapter 13. Maximizing Children’s Health: Screening, Anticipatory Guidance, and Counseling
The Periodicity Schedule and Guidelines
Tasks of Well-Child Care
Infancy and Early Childhood
Middle Childhood and Adolescence
Office Intervention for Behavioral and Mental Health Issues
Evidence
Caring for the Child and Youth in the Context of the Family and Community
Chapter 14. Injury Control
Scope of the Problem
Principles of Injury Control
Risk Factors for Childhood Injuries
Mechanisms of Injury
Psychosocial Consequences of Injuries
Chapter 15. Impact of Violence Exposure on Children
Impacts of Violence
15.1. Bullying, Cyberbullying, and School Violence
15.2. Media Violence
15.3. Effects of War on Children
Chapter 16. Child Trafficking for Sex and Labor
Clinical Presentation
Approach to the Patient at Risk for Trafficking
Examination and Diagnostic Testing
Referrals and Resources
Chapter 17. Abused and Neglected Children
Definitions
17.1. Sexual Abuse
17.2. Factitious Disorder Imposed on Another: Medical Child Abuse (Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy)
Chapter 18. Strategies for Health Behavior Change
Unified Theory of Behavior Change
Transtheoretical Model of Health Behavior Change
Common Factors Approach
Motivational Interviewing
Shared Decision-Making

Part II. Growth, Development, and Behavior
Chapter 19. Developmental and Behavioral Theories
BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL AND ECOBIODEVELOPMENTAL FRAMEWORK: MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 20. Positive Parenting and Support
THE IMPORTANCE OF PARENTING
THE ROLE OF THE FAMILY
PARENTING STYLES
CHILD TEMPERAMENT
CHILD BEHAVIORAL PROBLEMS
DEFINING POSITIVE PARENTING
PARENTING AS AN INTERVENTION
THE ROLE OF THE PEDIATRICIAN
DISCIPLINE/PUNISHMENT
Chapter 21. Assessment of Fetal Growth and Development
SOMATIC DEVELOPMENT
NEUROLOGIC DEVELOPMENT
BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT
PSYCHOLOGIC CHANGES IN PARENTS
THREATS TO FETAL DEVELOPMENT
Chapter 22. The Newborn
PARENTAL ROLE IN PARENT–INFANT ATTACHMENT
THE INFANT’S ROLE IN PARENT–INFANT ATTACHMENT
IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PEDIATRICIAN
Chapter 23. The First Year
Age 0-2 Months
23.1. Infant Crying and Colic
Chapter 24. The Second Year
Age 12–18 Months
Age 18–24 Months
Chapter 25. The Preschool Years
Structural Development of the Brain
Physical Development
Language, Cognition, and Play
Chapter 26. Middle Childhood
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Social, Emotional, and Moral Development
Chapter 27. Assessment of Growth
Techniques to Measure Growth
Growth Curves
Other Growth Considerations
Chapter 28. Developmental and Behavioral Surveillance and Screening
Developmental and Behavioral Surveillance
Developmental and Behavioral Screening
Beyond Surveillance and Screening
Chapter 29. Child Care
Quality, Provision, Regulation, and Access
Screening and Support for Child Development and Health
Role of Pediatric Providers
Chapter 30. Loss, Separation, and Bereavement
Separation and Loss
Divorce
Move/Family Relocation
Separation Because of Hospitalization
Military Families
Parental/Sibling Death
Grief and Bereavement
Developmental Perspective
Role of the Pediatric Healthcare Provider in Grief
Treatment
Spiritual Issues
Chapter 31. Sleep Medicine
Basics of Sleep and Chronobiology
Developmental Changes in Sleep
Common Sleep Disorders
Sleep Health Supervision
Evaluation of Pediatric Sleep Problems

Part III. Behavioral and Psychiatric Disorders
Chapter 32. Psychosocial Assessment and Psychiatric Diagnostic Evaluation
AIMS OF PSYCHOSOCIAL ASSESSMENT IN THE PEDIATRIC SETTING
PRESENTING PROBLEMS
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE PSYCHOSOCIAL INTERVIEW
DIAGNOSIS
PSYCHIATRIC DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION OF INFANTS AND YOUNG CHILDREN
Chapter 33. Psychopharmacology
Stimulants and Other ADHD Medications
Antidepressants
Antipsychotics
Mood Stabilizers
Medication Use in Physical Illness
Chapter 34. Psychotherapy
Psychotherapy
Chapter 35. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
SOMATIZATION
RISK FACTORS FOR SOMATIZATION
ASSESSMENT
MANAGEMENT
Chapter 36. Rumination and Pica
36.1. Rumination Disorder
36.2. Pica
Chapter 37. Motor Disorders and Habits
37.1. Tic Disorders
37.2. Stereotypic Movement Disorder
Chapter 38. Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
ASSESSMENT
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND COMORBIDITIES
Treatment of Anxiety
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome
SPECIFIC PHOBIAS
Chapter 39. Mood Disorders
39.1. Depressive Disorders
39.2. Bipolar Disorders
Chapter 40. Suicide and Attempted Suicide
Epidemiology
Risk Factors
Assessment and Intervention
Prevention
Screening and Early Treatment
School Resources
Chapter 41. Eating Disorders
DEFINITIONS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 42. Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders
DESCRIPTION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL COURSE
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
COMORBIDITY
SEQUELAE
ETIOLOGY AND RISK FACTORS
PREVENTION
SCREENING/CASE FINDING
EARLY INTERVENTION
TREATMENT
LEVEL OF CARE
Chapter 43. Tantrums and Breath-Holding Spells
Chapter 44. Lying, Stealing, and Truancy
STEALING
TRUANCY
Chapter 45. Aggression
Chapter 46. Self-Injurious Behavior
Chapter 47. Childhood Psychoses
47.1. Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
47.2. Non-Schizophrenia Spectrum Psychotic Disorders
47.3. Catatonia in Children and Adolescents
47.4. Hallucinations of Childhood
Chapter 48. Delirium
DIAGNOSIS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
ASSESSMENT
RATING SCALES
MEDICAL EVALUATION
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT

Part IV. Learning and Developmental Disorders
Chapter 49. Neurodevelopmental and Executive Function and Dysfunction
TERMINOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CORE NEURODEVELOPMENTAL FUNCTIONS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COUNSELING AND PARENT TRAINING PROGRAMS
Chapter 50. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
SECONDARY PREVENTION
Chapter 51. Dyslexia
DEFINITION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
IS FAMILY HISTORY HELPFUL IN DIAGNOSING DYSLEXIA?
MANAGEMENT
Prognosis
Chapter 52. Math and Writing Disabilities
52.1. Math Disabilities
52.2. Writing Disabilities
Chapter 53. Language Development and Communication Disorders
TYPICAL DEVELOPMENT
53.1. Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder
Chapter 54. Augmentative and Alternative Communication
DEFINITIONS
Chapter 55. Outcomes Among Infants and Children Who Are Deaf/Hard of Hearing
DEAF CULTURE
EARLY DETECTION AND LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT
INTERVENTIONS
LANGUAGE LEARNING
ACADEMIC CONSIDERATIONS
PSYCHOSOCIAL WELL-BEING
DEAF PLUS
FAMILY JOURNEY
Acknowledgments
Chapter 56. Developmental Delay and Intellectual Disability
DEFINITION
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
ETIOLOGIC EVALUATION
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSTIC PSYCHOLOGIC TESTING
COMPLICATIONS AND ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS
PREVENTION
TREATMENT
PRIMARY CARE, SUPPORTIVE CARE, AND MANAGEMENT
OUTCOMES
Chapter 57. Down Syndrome and Other Abnormalities of Chromosome Number
PRINCIPLES OF CARING FOR CHILDREN WITH COMPLEX GENETIC DISORDERS
CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS
DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS
Chapter 58. Autism Spectrum Disorder
DEFINITION
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA AND SYMPTOMS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
CO-OCCURRING CONDITIONS
SCREENING
ASSESSMENT
TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT
OUTCOME
Chapter 59. Fragile X Syndromes
EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT OF FRAGILE X SYNDROME

Part V. Nutrition
Chapter 60. Nutritional Requirements
DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES
ENERGY
FAT
PROTEIN
CARBOHYDRATES
FIBER
MICRONUTRIENTS
WATER
MEASURING NUTRITIONAL ADEQUACY
Chapter 61. Feeding Healthy Infants, Children, and Adolescents
FEEDING DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE
COW’S MILK PROTEIN–BASED FORMULAS
SOY PROTEIN–BASED FORMULAS
PROTEIN HYDROLYSATE FORMULAS
AMINO ACID FORMULAS
OTHER FLUIDS IN INFANTS AND TODDLERS
COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING
TRANSITION TO MILK
RESPONSIVE FEEDING
FEEDING TODDLERS AND PRESCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN
FEEDING SCHOOL-AGED CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
NUTRITION ISSUES OF IMPORTANCE ACROSS PEDIATRIC AGES
Chapter 62. Nutrition, Food Security, and Health
MALNUTRITION AS THE INTERSECTION OF FOOD INSECURITY AND HEALTH INSECURITY
FOOD SECURITY
UNDERNUTRITION
SEVERE ACUTE MALNUTRITION
Chapter 63. Refeeding Syndrome
Chapter 64. Malnutrition in High-Resource Settings
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
ETIOLOGY AND DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 65. Overweight and Obesity
EPIDEMIOLOGY
BODY MASS INDEX
ETIOLOGY
COMORBIDITIES
IDENTIFICATION
EVALUATION
INTERVENTION
PREVENTION
Chapter 66. Vitamin A Deficiencies and Excess
OVERVIEW OF VITAMIN A
METABOLISM OF VITAMIN A
FUNCTIONS OF VITAMIN A AND MECHANISMS OF ACTION
VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY
HYPERVITAMINOSIS A
Chapter 67. Vitamin B Complex Deficiencies and Excess
67.1. Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
67.2. Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
67.3. Niacin (Vitamin B3)
67.4. Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
67.5. Biotin
67.6. Folate
67.7. Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)
Chapter 68. Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid) Deficiency and Excess
DIETARY NEEDS AND SOURCES OF VITAMIN C
VITAMIN C DEFICIENCY
VITAMIN C TOXICITY
Chapter 69. Vitamin D Deficiency (Rickets) and Excess
RICKETS
VITAMIN D DISORDERS
CALCIUM DEFICIENCY
PHOSPHORUS DEFICIENCY
RICKETS OF PREMATURITY
DISTAL RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS
HYPERVITAMINOSIS D
Chapter 70. Vitamin E Deficiency
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 71. Vitamin K Deficiency
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 72. Micronutrient Mineral Deficiencies

Part VI. Fluid and Electrolyte Disorders
Chapter 73. Electrolyte and Acid-Base Disorders
73.1. Composition of Body Fluids
73.2. Regulation of Osmolality and Volume
73.3. Sodium
73.4. Potassium
73.5. Magnesium
73.6. Phosphorus
73.7. Acid-Base Balance
Chapter 74. Maintenance and Replacement Therapy
MAINTENANCE THERAPY
MAINTENANCE WATER
INTRAVENOUS SOLUTIONS
GLUCOSE
SELECTION OF MAINTENANCE FLUIDS
VARIATIONS IN MAINTENANCE WATER AND ELECTROLYTES
REPLACEMENT FLUIDS
Chapter 75. Deficit Therapy
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
CALCULATION OF THE FLUID DEFICIT
APPROACH TO SEVERE DEHYDRATION
MONITORING AND ADJUSTING THERAPY
HYPONATREMIC DEHYDRATION
HYPERNATREMIC DEHYDRATION
Chapter 76. Fluid and Electrolyte Treatment of Specific Disorders
ACUTE DIARRHEA
PYLORIC STENOSIS
PERIOPERATIVE FLUIDS

Part VII. Emergency Medicine, Critical Care, and Anesthesia
Chapter 77. Emergency Medical Services for Children
PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIAN AND OFFICE PREPAREDNESS
77.1. Interfacility Transport of the Seriously Ill or Injured Pediatric Patient
77.2. Risk Adjustment and Outcomes Measurement of Pediatric Emergency Medical Services
77.3. Principles Applicable to the Developing World
Chapter 78. Triage of the Acutely Ill Child
ASSESSMENT OF VITAL SIGNS
HISTORY
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
MANAGEMENT
DISPOSITION
Chapter 79. Pediatric Cardiorespiratory Emergencies and Resuscitation
ASSESSMENT AND EVALUATION OF CHILDREN WITH CARDIORESPIRATORY EMERGENCIES
RECOGNITION AND TREATMENT OF RESPIRATORY DISTRESS AND FAILURE
RECOGNITION AND MANAGEMENT OF SHOCK
RECOGNITION AND TREATMENT OF ARRHYTHMIAS
CARDIAC ARREST AND CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION
PROCEDURES
NONVASCULAR EMERGENCY PROCEDURES
Chapter 80. Acute Care of Multiple Trauma
EPIDEMIOLOGY
REGIONALIZATION AND TRAUMA TEAMS
ATLS: SYSTEMATIC EVALUATION OF THEINJURED PATIENT
PRIMARY SURVEY
SECONDARY SURVEY
DISPOSITION
PSYCHOLOGIC AND SOCIAL SUPPORT
Chapter 81. Spinal Cord Injuries in Children
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
CLEARING THE CERVICAL SPINE IN CHILDREN
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 82. Neurologic Emergencies and Stabilization
NEUROCRITICAL CARE PRINCIPLES
TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY
Chapter 83. Brain Death: Death by Neurologic Criteria
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL EVALUATION AND DIAGNOSIS
OBSERVATION PERIODS
ANCILLARY STUDIES
DOCUMENTATION
AFTER DECLARATION OF BRAIN DEATH
OBJECTIONS TO THE CONCEPT OF BRAIN DEATH
Chapter 84. Syncope
MECHANISMS
84.1. Postural Tachycardia Syndrome
Chapter 85. Shock
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TYPES OF SHOCK
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 86. Acute Care of Respiratory Distress and Failure
RESPIRATORY DISTRESS
86.1. Mechanical Ventilation
Chapter 87. Altitude-Associated Illness in Children
ETIOLOGY
ACUTE MOUNTAIN SICKNESS
HIGH-ALTITUDE CEREBRAL EDEMA
HIGH-ALTITUDE PULMONARY EDEMA
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS
Acknowledgments
Chapter 88. Drowning and Submersion Injury
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MANAGEMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 89. Burn Injuries
EPIDEMIOLOGY
89.1. Lightning Burns
Chapter 90. Cold Injuries
MECHANISMS OF HEAT TRANSFER
90.1. Cold-Induced Autoinflammatory and Other Genetic Disorders
Chapter 91. Anesthesia and Perioperative Care
PREANESTHETIC EVALUATION
91.1. Anesthetic Neurotoxicity
Chapter 92. Procedural Sedation
Chapter 93. Pediatric Pain Management
DEFINITION AND CATEGORIES OF PAIN
ASSESSMENT AND MEASUREMENT OF PAIN IN CHILDREN
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR TREATMENT OF PEDIATRIC PAIN
UNCONVENTIONAL MEDICATIONS IN PEDIATRIC PAIN
NONPHARMACOLOGIC TREATMENT OF PAIN
INVASIVE INTERVENTIONS FOR TREATING PAIN
INTRATHECAL ANALGESIA
NERVE ABLATION AND DESTRUCTION
CONSIDERATIONS FOR SPECIAL PEDIATRIC POPULATIONS
CHRONIC AND RECURRENT PAIN SYNDROMES
MANAGING COMPLEX CHRONIC PAIN PROBLEMS
Chapter 94. Poisoning
PREVENTION
APPROACH TO THE POISONED PATIENT
PRINCIPLES OF MANAGEMENT
SELECT COMPOUNDS IN PEDIATRIC POISONING

Part VIII. Human Genetics
Chapter 95. Genetics in Pediatric Medicine
THE BURDEN OF GENETIC DISORDERS IN CHILDHOOD
THE CHANGING PARADIGM OF GENETICS IN MEDICINE
DIRECT-TO-CONSUMER GENETIC TESTING
ETHICS ISSUES
Chapter 96. Principles of Human Genetics
THE HUMAN GENOME
FUNDAMENTALS OF MOLECULAR GENETICS
GENETIC VARIATION
GENOTYPE-PHENOTYPE CORRELATIONS IN GENETIC DISEASE
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
Chapter 97. Patterns of Genetic Transmission
FAMILY HISTORY AND PEDIGREE NOTATION
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE
Y-LINKED INHERITANCE
INHERITANCE ASSOCIATED WITH PSEUDOAUTOSOMAL REGIONS
DIGENIC INHERITANCE
PSEUDOGENETIC INHERITANCE AND FAMILIAL CLUSTERING
NONTRADITIONAL INHERITANCE
MULTIFACTORIAL AND POLYGENIC INHERITANCE
Chapter 98. Integration of Genetics into Pediatric Practice
DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
PHARMACOGENETICS
98.1. Genetic Counseling
98.2. Principles of Management and Treatment of Genetic Disorders
Chapter 99. Chromosome Disorders
99.1. Methods of Chromosome Analysis
99.2. Abnormalities of Chromosome Number
99.3. Abnormalities of Chromosome Structure
99.4. Sex Chromosome Aneuploidy
99.5. Mosaicism
99.6. Chromosome Instability Syndromes
99.7. Uniparental Disomy and Imprinting
Chapter 100. Dysmorphology, Phenotyping, and Sequences
CLASSIFICATION OF BIRTH DEFECTS
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF MALFORMATIONS
APPROACH TO THE CHILD WITH FACIAL ANOMALIES
Chapter 101. Signaling Pathway Disorders
101.1. RAS/MAPK Pathway
101.2. Sonic Hedgehog Pathway
101.3. Ciliopathies
101.4. Craniosynostoses
Chapter 102. Chromatin Regulatory Disorders
KABUKI SYNDROME
RUBINSTEIN-TAYBI SYNDROME
CORNELIA DE LANGE SYNDROME
COFFIN-SIRIS SYNDROME
OTHER CHROMATIN DISORDERS
Chapter 103. Genetics of Common Disorders
103.1. Major Genetic Approaches to the Study of Common Pediatric Disorders

Part IX. Metabolic Disorders
Chapter 104. An Approach to Inborn Errors of Metabolism
NEWBORN SCREENING
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF GENETIC METABOLIC DISEASES
TREATMENT
Chapter 105. Defects in Metabolism of Amino Acids
105.1. Phenylalanine
105.2. Tyrosine
105.3. Methionine
105.4. Cysteine and Cystine
105.5. Tryptophan
105.6. Isoleucine, Leucine, Valine, and Related Organic Acidemias
105.7. Glycine
105.8. Serine Deficiency Disorders (Serine Biosynthesis and Transport Defects)
105.9. Proline
105.10. Glutamic Acid
105.11. Disorders of Neurotransmitter Metabolism
105.12. Urea Cycle and Hyperammonemia (Arginine, Citrulline, Ornithine)
105.13. Histidine
105.14. Lysine
105.15. N-Acetylaspartic Acid (Canavan Disease)
Chapter 106. Defects in Metabolism of Lipids
106.1. Disorders of Mitochondrial Fatty Acid β-Oxidation
106.2. Disorders of Very Long Chain Fatty Acids and Other Peroxisomal Functions
106.3. Disorders of Lipoprotein Metabolism and Transport
106.4. Lipidoses (Lysosomal Storage Disorders)
106.5. Mucolipidoses
Chapter 107. Defects in Metabolism of Carbohydrates
107.1. Glycogen Storage Diseases
107.2. Defects in Galactose Metabolism
107.3. Defects in Fructose Metabolism
107.4. Defects in Intermediary Carbohydrate Metabolism Associated with Lactic Acidosis
107.5. Defects in Pentose Metabolism
107.6. Disorders of Glycoprotein Degradation and Structure
107.7. Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation
Chapter 108. Mitochondrial Disease Diagnosis
WHEN TO SUSPECT MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE
MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE INHERITANCE
DIAGNOSTIC TESTING FOR MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE
TREATMENT PRINCIPLES FOR MITOCHONDRIAL DISEASE
Chapter 109. Mucopolysaccharidoses
CLINICAL ENTITIES
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 110. Disorders of Purine and Pyrimidine Metabolism
PURINES
PYRIMIDINES
DISORDERS OF PURINE METABOLISM
THE HEREDITARY XANTHINURIAS
HPRT1-ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
APRT-ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH AMP-DEAMINASE
ADSL-ASSOCIATED DISORDERS
OTHER INHERITED PURINE DISORDERS
DISORDERS OF PYRIMIDINE METABOLISM
DIHYDROPYRIMIDINE DEHYDROGENASE DEFICIENCY
DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH THYMIDINE KINASE
COMBINED DISORDERS OF BOTH PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES
DISORDERS ASSOCIATED WITH RIBONUCLEOTIDE REDUCTASE
Chapter 111. Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (Progeria)
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PATIENT RESOURCES
Chapter 112. The Porphyrias
THE HEME BIOSYNTHETIC PATHWAY
CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF PORPHYRIAS
δ-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID DEHYDRATASE–DEFICIENT PORPHYRIA
ACUTE INTERMITTENT PORPHYRIA
CONGENITAL ERYTHROPOIETIC PORPHYRIA
PORPHYRIA CUTANEA TARDA
HEPATOERYTHROPOIETIC PORPHYRIA
HEREDITARY COPROPORPHYRIA
VARIEGATE PORPHYRIA
ERYTHROPOIETIC PROTOPORPHYRIA AND X-LINKED PROTOPORPHYRIA
DUAL PORPHYRIA
PORPHYRIA RESULTING FROM TUMORS
Chapter 113. Hypoglycemia
DEFINITION
SIGNIFICANCE AND SEQUELAE
PHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
DISORDERS OF HYPOGLYCEMIA
KETOTIC HYPOGLYCEMIC DISORDERS
OTHER CAUSES OF HYPOGLYCEMIA

Part X. The Fetus and the Neonatal Infant
Chapter 114. Overview of Morbidity and Mortality
INFANT MORTALITY
114.1. Race, Class, and Birth Outcomes
Chapter 115. The Newborn Infant
115.1. Focused Peripartum History
115.2. Physical Examination of the Newborn Infant
115.3. Routine Newborn Care
115.4. Male Circumcision
115.5. Parent–Infant Bonding
Chapter 116. High-Risk Pregnancies
PRENATAL CARE
HIGH-RISK PREGNANCY IDENTIFIED BY ULTRASOUND
LABOR AND DELIVERY
Chapter 117. The Fetus
117.1. Fetal Growth and Maturity
117.2. Fetal Distress
117.3. Maternal Disease and the Fetus
117.4. Medications and Teratogenic Exposures
117.5. Radiation
117.6. Intrauterine Diagnosis of Fetal Disease
117.7. Treatment and Prevention of Fetal Disease
Chapter 118. Fetal Intervention and Surgery
FETAL THERAPY ETHICS
OBSTRUCTIVE UROPATHY
NONOBSTRUCTIVE RENAL DISEASE
CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA
CONGENITAL PULMONARY AIRWAY MALFORMATION
CONGENITAL HIGH AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION SYNDROME
SACROCOCCYGEAL TERATOMA
MYELOMENINGOCELE
TWIN-TO-TWIN TRANSFUSION SYNDROME
OTHER INDICATIONS
FETAL CENTERS
Chapter 119. The High-Risk Infant
119.1. Multiple-Gestation Pregnancies
119.2. Extremely and Very Preterm Infants
119.3. Moderate and Late Preterm Infants
119.4. Term and Postterm Infants
119.5. Follow-Up of High-Risk Infants After Discharge
Chapter 120. Transport of the Critically Ill Newborn
REGIONALIZED CARE OF NEWBORNS
LEVELS OF NEONATAL CARE
TRANSPORT OF THE CRITICALLY ILL NEONATE
Chapter 121. Clinical Manifestations of Diseases in the Newborn Period
ABNORMAL MOVEMENTS
121.1. Hyperthermia
121.2. Hypothermia and Cold Stress
121.3. Edema
121.4. Hypocalcemia
121.5. Hypermagnesemia
Chapter 122. Nervous System Disorders
122.1. The Cranium
122.2. Neonatal Traumatic Head Injuries
122.3. Intracranial-Intraventricular Hemorrhage and Periventricular Leukomalacia
122.4. Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
122.5. Spine and Spinal Cord
122.6. Peripheral Nerve Injuries
Chapter 123. Neonatal Resuscitation and Delivery Room Emergencies
NEONATAL RESUSCITATION
RESUSCITATION OF THE PRETERM INFANT
SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES IN THE DELIVERY ROOM
INJURY DURING DELIVERY
ONGOING CARE AFTER RESUSCITATION
Chapter 124. Transition to Newborn Pulmonary Respiration
CLEARANCE OF FETAL LUNG FLUID
ESTABLISHMENT OF A FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY
INCREASED PULMONARY BLOOD FLOW
BREATHING PATTERNS IN NEWBORNS
DISORDERED TRANSITION TO PULMONARY RESPIRATION
Chapter 125. Apnea
OBSTRUCTIVE APNEA
CENTRAL APNEA
APNEA OF PREMATURITY
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 126. Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Hyaline Membrane Disease)
INCIDENCE
126.1. Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Chapter 127. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
INCIDENCE
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
PREVENTION
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 128. Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
INCIDENCE
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
PREVENTION
TREATMENT
Chapter 129. Aspiration of Foreign Material (Meconium Aspiration Syndrome, Aspiration Pneumonia)
INTRAPARTUM ASPIRATION
POSTPARTUM ASPIRATION
Chapter 130. Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn (Persistent Fetal Circulation)
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 131. Diaphragmatic Hernia
CONGENITAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA (BOCHDALEK)
131.1. Foramen of Morgagni Hernia
131.2. Paraesophageal Hernia
131.3. Eventration
Chapter 132. Pulmonary Air Leaks: Pneumothorax, Pneumomediastinum, Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema, Pneumopericardium
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
PREVENTION
TREATMENT
Chapter 133. Pulmonary Hemorrhage
Chapter 134. Digestive System Disorders
Chapter 135. Meconium Ileus, Peritonitis, Intestinal Obstruction, and Gastroschisis
MECONIUM PLUGS
MECONIUM ILEUS
MECONIUM PERITONITIS
GASTROSCHISIS
Chapter 136. Necrotizing Enterocolitis
DEFINITION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 137. Jaundice and Hyperbilirubinemia in the Newborn
ETIOLOGY
137.1. Kernicterus and Therapy of Hyperbilirubinemia
Chapter 138. Blood Disorders
NORMAL ERYTHROPOIESIS AND HEMOGLOBIN FUNCTIONS
NORMAL RED BLOOD CELL INDICES IN NEONATES AND INFANTS
NEUTROPENIA
Chapter 139. Anemia in the Newborn Infant
THE PHYSIOLOGIC NADIR DURING INFANCY
ANEMIA CLASSIFICATIONS AND KEY DIAGNOSTIC MODALITIES
HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES
ANEMIA MANAGEMENT PRINCIPALS
Chapter 140. Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus and Newborn
HDFN CAUSED BY Rh INCOMPATIBILITY
HDFN CAUSED BY ABO INCOMPATIBILITY
OTHER ETIOLOGIES OF HDFN
Chapter 141. Neonatal Polycythemia
Chapter 142. Hemorrhage in the Newborn Infant
HEMORRHAGIC DISEASE OF THE NEWBORN
DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULOPATHY
Chapter 143. Nonimmune Hydrops
INCIDENCE AND ETIOLOGY
PRENATAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
POSTNATAL DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT
OUTCOMES
Chapter 144. The Umbilicus
UMBILICAL HEMORRHAGE
UMBILICAL GRANULOMA
UMBILICAL INFECTIONS
UMBILICAL HERNIA
CONGENITAL OMPHALOCELE
UMBILICAL TUMORS
Chapter 145. Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
TREATMENT AND SETTING
Chapter 146. Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PREVALENCE
DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS
DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
OUTCOMES
INTERVENTIONS AND TREATMENTS
THE PEDIATRICIAN/PRIMARY CARE PROVIDER’S ROLE
Chapter 147. Infants of Diabetic Mothers
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 148. Epidemiology of Infections
INCIDENCE
MICROBIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
GENERAL APPROACH TO MANAGEMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 149. Congenital and Perinatal Infections
149.1. Congenital Infections
149.2. Perinatal Infections

Part XI. Adolescent Medicine
Chapter 150. Adolescent Physical and Social Development
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
NEUROLOGIC, COGNITIVE, AND MORAL DEVELOPMENT
PSYCHOSOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
IMPLICATIONS FOR PROVIDERS, PARENTS, AND POLICYMAKERS
Chapter 151. Delivery of Healthcare to Adolescents
Introduction
151.1. Legal Issues
151.2. Screening Procedures
Chapter 152. Transitioning to Adult Care
Chapter 153. Gender Identity and Transgender Care
TERMINOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
MENTAL HEALTH CONSIDERATIONS
PUBERTY BLOCKERS
GENDER-AFFIRMING SEX HORMONE THERAPY
THERAPY FOR NONBINARY YOUTH
Chapter 154. Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual Adolescents
PREVALENCE OF HOMOSEXUALITY AND BISEXUALITY IN YOUTH
DEVELOPMENT OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE
STIGMA, RISK, AND RESILIENCE
HEALTH
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR CARE
Chapter 155. The Epidemiology of Adolescent Health Problems
ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
Chapter 156. Violent Behavior
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 157. Substance Use Disorder
ETIOLOGY
157.1. Alcohol
157.2. Tobacco, E-Cigarettes, and Other Tobacco Products
157.3. Marijuana
157.4. Inhalants
157.5. EVALI
157.6. Hallucinogens
157.7. Cocaine
157.8. Amphetamines
157.9. Stimulant Use and Diversion
157.10. Opiates/Opioids
157.11. Synthetic Cannabinoids
Chapter 158. The Breast
FEMALE DISORDERS
MALE DISORDERS
Chapter 159. Menstruation-Related Disorders
NORMAL MENSTRUATION
159.1. Amenorrhea
159.2. Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
159.3. Dysmenorrhea
159.4. Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Chapter 160. Contraception
CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS
160.1. Contraceptive Use
160.2. Contraceptive Counseling
160.3. Long-Acting Reversible Contraception
160.4. Other Progestin-Only Methods
160.5. Combined Hormonal Contraceptives
160.6. Emergency Contraception
160.7. Condoms
160.8. Other Barrier Methods
160.9. Other Contraceptive Methods
Chapter 161. Adolescent Pregnancy
EPIDEMIOLOGY
161.1. Abortion
Chapter 162. Adolescent Sexual Assault
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TERMINOLOGY
TYPES OF SEXUAL VIOLENCE
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
INTERVIEW AND PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
LABORATORY DATA
TREATMENT
FOLLOW-UP
PREVENTION
Chapter 163. Sexually Transmitted Infections
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
SCREENING
COMMON INFECTIONS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Immunology

Section 1. Evaluation of the Immune System
Chapter 164. Orientation to the Consideration of Inborn Errors of Immunity
INFECTION RED FLAGS
SCHEMA FOR DIAGNOSIS
NONINFECTIOUS PRESENTATIONS SUGGESTING PIDD
Section 2. The T-, B-, and NK-Cell Systems
Chapter 165. T-Cell and Combined Deficiencies
T-CELL AND COMBINED DEFICIENCIES
165.1. Severe Combined Immunodeficiencies
165.2. Combined Immunodeficiencies
165.3. Thymic Disorders
165.4. Inborn Errors of Immunity with a Strong Atopic Diathesis
Chapter 166. B-Cell and Antibody Deficiencies
166.1. Agammaglobulinemia
166.2. Hypogammaglobulinemia, Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy, Specific Antibody Deficiency, and Common Variable Immunodeficiency
166.3. Class Switch Defects
166.4. Isotype Defects
166.5. Transient Hypogammaglobulinemia of Infancy
Chapter 167. Natural Killer Cells
NK CELL MARKERS, SUBSETS, AND MATURATION
NK CELL SPONTANEOUS CYTOTOXICITY
NK CELL ANTIBODY-DEPENDENT KILLING
FUNCTIONAL NK CELL DEFICIENCY (FNKCD)
FUNCTIONAL ASSAYS AVAILABLE FOR CLINICAL EVALUATION
NK CELL DEFICIENCY TREATMENT
Section 3. The Phagocytic System
Chapter 168. Neutrophils
THE PHAGOCYTIC INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
HEMATOPOIESIS
NEUTROPHIL MATURATION AND KINETICS
NEUTROPHIL FUNCTION
Chapter 169. Eosinophils
DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH EOSINOPHILIA
Chapter 170. Disorders of Phagocyte Function
LEUKOCYTE ADHESION DEFICIENCY
CHÉDIAK-HIGASHI SYNDROME
MYELOPEROXIDASE DEFICIENCY
CHRONIC GRANULOMATOUS DISEASE
Chapter 171. Leukopenia
NEUTROPENIA
LYMPHOPENIA
Chapter 172. Leukocytosis
NEUTROPHILIA
ADDITIONAL FORMS OF LEUKOCYTOSIS

Section 4. Complement System
Chapter 173. Complement System
173.1. Complement Components, Pathways, and Evaluation
173.2. Complement Pathway Deficiencies
Section 5. Immune Dysregulation
Chapter 174. Immune Dysregulation
174.1. Tregopathies
174.2. Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
174.3. Epstein-Barr Virus Susceptibility Disorders
174.4. Chronic Active Epstein-Barr Virus
174.5. Very Early Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease
174.6. Autoimmune Cytopenias
174.7. Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
174.8. Nuclear Factor-κB Pathway Defects
Chapter 175. Defects of Innate Immunity
175.1. Predisposition to Fungal Infections
175.2. Innate Immunity Defects with Predominant Susceptibility to Viral Infections
175.3. Susceptibility to Invasive Bacterial Infections
175.4. Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Diseases
Chapter 176. Approaches to Treatment of Primary Immune Deficiency Diseases
GENERAL INFECTION PREVENTION AND MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
IMMUNIZATIONS
GUIDANCE FOR CLOSE CONTACTS
COVID-19 VACCINE
PROPHYLAXIS
IMMUNODEFICIENCIES AFFECTING CELLULAR AND HUMORAL IMMUNITY
HYPER-IgM/CD40LG DEFICIENCY
COMBINED IMMUNODEFICIENCIES WITH ASSOCIATED OR SYNDROME FEATURES
STAT3 HYPER-IgE SYNDROME (JOB SYNDROME)
NF-κB ESSENTIAL MODULATOR (NEMO) DEFICIENCY
PREDOMINANTLY ANTIBODY DEFICIENCIES
CONGENITAL PHAGOCYTE DEFECTS
DEFECTS IN INTRINSIC AND INNATE IMMUNITY
COMPLEMENT DEFICIENCIES
IMMUNOGLOBULIN G REPLACEMENT THERAPY
INDICATIONS FOR IgRT
NORMAL IMMUNOGLOBULIN LEVELS WITH IMPAIRED SPECIFIC ANTIBODY PRODUCTION
INDIVIDUALIZING IgRT
CONSIDERATIONS FOR PRODUCT SELECTIONS
DOSING CONSIDERATIONS
ADMINISTRATION DETAILS
VACCINATION WHILE ON IgRT
Section 6. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Chapter 177. Principles and Clinical Indications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
HSCT FROM AN HLA–IDENTICAL SIBLING DONOR
ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA
ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA
CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA
JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES OTHER THAN JUVENILE MYELOMONOCYTIC LEUKEMIA
NON-HODGKIN LYMPHOMA AND HODGKIN DISEASE
ACQUIRED APLASTIC ANEMIA
INHERITED BONE MARROW FAILURE SYNDROMES
THALASSEMIA
SICKLE CELL DISEASE
IMMUNODEFICIENCY DISORDERS
INHERITED METABOLIC DISEASES
Chapter 178. Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation from Alternative Sources and Donors
UNRELATED DONOR TRANSPLANTS
UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD TRANSPLANTS
HAPLOIDENTICAL TRANSPLANTS
DONOR VERSUS RECIPIENT NK CELL ALLOREACTIVITY
AUTOLOGOUS HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION
Chapter 179. Graft-Versus-Host Disease, Rejection, and Venoocclusive Disease
ACUTE GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE
CHRONIC GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE
GRAFT FAILURE
VENOOCCLUSIVE DISEASE
Chapter 180. Infectious Complications of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Chapter 181. Late Effects of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
ENDOCRINE EFFECTS
CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS
SECONDARY MALIGNANCY
GRAFT-VERSUS-HOST DISEASE
OTHER EFFECTS
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS

Part XIII. Allergic Disorders
Chapter 182. Allergy and the Immunologic Basis of Atopic Disease
HYGIENE HYPOTHESIS
Biodiversity Hypothesis
Epithelial Barrier Hypothesis
KEY ELEMENTS OF ALLERGIC DISEASES
MECHANISMS OF ALLERGIC TISSUE INFLAMMATION
GENETIC BASIS OF ATOPY
Chapter 183. Diagnosis of Allergic Disease
ALLERGY HISTORY
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
DIAGNOSTIC TESTING
Chapter 184. Allergic Rhinitis
ETIOLOGY AND CLASSIFICATION
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 185. Childhood Asthma
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 186. Atopic Dermatitis (Atopic Eczema)
ETIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
AVOIDING TRIGGERS
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 187. Insect Allergy
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 188. Ocular Allergies
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 189. Urticaria (Hives) and Angioedema
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
189.1. Hereditary Angioedema
Chapter 190. Anaphylaxis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 191. Serum Sickness
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 192. Food Allergy and Adverse Reactions to Foods
GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL RISK FACTORS
192.1. Non-IgE Gastrointestinal Food Allergy Disorders
Chapter 193. Adverse and Allergic Reactions to Drugs
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS AND CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT

Part XIV. Rheumatic Diseases of Childhood (Connective Tissue Disease, Collagen Vascular Diseases)
Chapter 194. Evaluation of Suspected Rheumatic Disease
SYMPTOMS SUGGESTIVE OF RHEUMATIC DISEASE
SIGNS SUGGESTIVE OF RHEUMATIC DISEASE
LABORATORY TESTING
IMAGING STUDIES
Chapter 195. Treatment of Rheumatic Diseases
PEDIATRIC RHEUMATOLOGY TEAMS AND PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIANS
THERAPEUTICS
JANUS KINASE INHIBITORS
Chapter 196. Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 197. Ankylosing Spondylitis and Other Spondyloarthritides
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 198. Reactive and Postinfectious Arthritis
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS AND PROGNOSIS
Chapter 199. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
ETIOLOGY
199.1. Neonatal Lupus
Chapter 200. Juvenile Dermatomyositis
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 201. Scleroderma and Raynaud Phenomenon
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLASSIFICATION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 202. Behçet Disease
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT AND PROGNOSIS
Chapter 203. SjQNT:ENT:ouml:QNTgren Syndrome
EPIDEMIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS AND PROGNOSIS
Chapter 204. Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes and Other Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases
CLASSIFICATION OF AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISEASES WITH PERIODIC OR PROMINENT FEVERS
OTHER MENDELIAN AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISEASES
GENETICALLY COMPLEX AUTOINFLAMMATORY DISEASES
Chapter 205. Interferonopathies
AUTOINFLAMMATORY INTERFERONOPATHIES
AUTOIMMUNE INTERFERONOPATHIES
Chapter 206. Amyloidosis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 207. Macrophage Activation Syndrome
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND OTHER HYPERINFLAMMATORY SYNDROMES
CLINICAL AND LABORATORY MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 208. Kawasaki Disease
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY AND RADIOLOGY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 209. Sarcoidosis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 210. Vasculitis Syndromes
INTRODUCTION
210.1. Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (IgA Vasculitis)
210.2. Takayasu Arteritis
210.3. Polyarteritis Nodosa and Cutaneous Polyarteritis Nodosa
210.4. Antineutrophilic Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis
210.5. Other Vasculitis Syndromes: Hypersensitivity, CNS, and COVID-19 Related
Chapter 211. Musculoskeletal Pain Syndromes
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
211.1. Growing Pains (Benign Limb Pain of Childhood)
211.2. Small Fiber Polyneuropathy
211.3. Diffuse Amplified Pain Syndromes
211.4. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome
211.5. Erythromelalgia
Chapter 212. Chronic Overlapping Pain Conditions
PREVALENCE
212.1. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Chapter 213. Miscellaneous Conditions Associated with Arthritis
RELAPSING POLYCHONDRITIS
MUCHA-HABERMANN DISEASE/PITYRIASIS LICHENOIDES ET VARIOLIFORMIS ACUTA
SWEET SYNDROME
HYPERTROPHIC OSTEOARTHROPATHY
PLANT THORN SYNOVITIS
PIGMENTED VILLONODULAR SYNOVITIS
Infectious Diseases
Section 1. General Considerations
Chapter 214. Public Health Approach to Pandemics
INTRODUCTION
DEFINITIONS
Section 2. Preventive Measures
Chapter 215. Immunization Practices
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
215.1. International Immunization Practices
Chapter 216. Infection Prevention and Control
TRANSMISSION IN THE HEALTHCARE SETTING
PREVENTION STRATEGIES
ENVIRONMENT, DISINFECTION, AND STERILIZATION
VISITATION AND PATIENT AND CAREGIVER MANAGEMENT
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND CLINICIAN EDUCATION
SPECIAL POPULATIONS
Chapter 217. Childcare and Communicable Diseases
EPIDEMIOLOGY
RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT INFECTIONS
SKIN DISEASES
INVASIVE ORGANISMS AND SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS
HERPESVIRUSES
BLOOD-BORNE PATHOGENS
ANTIBIOTIC USE AND BACTERIAL RESISTANCE
PREVENTION
STANDARDS
Chapter 218. Health Advice for Children Traveling Internationally
THE PEDIATRIC TRAVEL MEDICINE CONSULTATION
SAFETY AND PREVENTIVE COUNSELING TOPICS
ROUTINE CHILDHOOD VACCINATIONS REQUIRED FOR PEDIATRIC TRAVEL
SPECIALIZED PEDIATRIC TRAVEL VACCINATIONS
TRAVELER’S DIARRHEA
INSECT-BORNE INFECTIONS
MALARIA CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS
THE RETURNING TRAVELER
THE ADOLESCENT TRAVELER
Chapter 219. Fever
PATHOGENESIS
ETIOLOGY
CLINICAL FEATURES
EVALUATION
MANAGEMENT
Chapter 220. Fever Without a Focus in the Neonate and Young Infant
ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 221. Fever in the Older Child
DIAGNOSIS
GENERAL APPROACH
EVALUATION
MANAGEMENT
Chapter 222. Fever of Unknown Origin
ETIOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
MANAGEMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 223. Infections in Immunocompromised Persons
223.1. Infections Occurring with Primary Immunodeficiencies
223.2. Infections Occurring with Acquired Immunodeficiencies
223.3. Prevention of Infection in Immunocompromised Persons
Chapter 224. Infection Associated with Medical Devices
INTRAVASCULAR ACCESS DEVICES
URINARY CATHETERS
MECHANICAL VENTILATORS
CEREBROSPINAL FLUID SHUNTS
PERITONEAL DIALYSIS CATHETERS
IMPLANTABLE ORTHOPEDIC DEVICES
Section 3. Antibiotic Therapy
Chapter 225. Principles of Antibacterial Therapy
AGE- AND RISK-SPECIFIC USE OF ANTIBIOTICS IN CHILDREN
ANTIBIOTICS, INCLUDING NEWER AGENTS AND THERAPIES COMMONLY USED IN PEDIATRIC PRACTICE
Chapter 226. Antimicrobial Stewardship
THE NEED FOR ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP: HARMS FROM OVERUSE
DEFINING ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP AND AN ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP PROGRAM
INPATIENT ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP STRATEGIES
OUTPATIENT ANTIMICROBIAL STEWARDSHIP STRATEGIES
TRACKING AND REPORTING ANTIMICROBIAL USE MEASURES
Section 4. Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Chapter 227. Staphylococcus
227.1. Staphylococcus aureus
227.2. Toxic Shock Syndrome
227.3. Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci
Chapter 228. Streptococcus pneumoniae (Pneumococcus)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 229. Group A Streptococcus
ETIOLOGY
229.1. Rheumatic Fever
Chapter 230. Group B Streptococcus
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 231. Non–Group A or B Streptococci
Chapter 232. Enterococcus
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 233. Diphtheria (Corynebacterium diphtheriae)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
SUPPORTIVE CARE
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 234. Listeria monocytogenes
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Acknowledgments
Chapter 235. Actinomyces
TAXONOMY AND MICROBIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
DIAGNOSIS
COMMON CLINICAL PRESENTATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 236. Nocardia
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL AND RADIOGRAPHIC MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Section 5. Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Chapter 237. Neisseria meningitidis (Meningococcus)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 238. Neisseria gonorrhoeae (Gonococcus)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS AND PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
Chapter 239. Kingella kingae
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL DISEASE
SPONDYLODISCITIS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 240. Haemophilus influenzae
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
DIAGNOSIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 241. Chancroid (Haemophilus ducreyi)
ETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
Chapter 242. Moraxella catarrhalis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTION
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 243. Pertussis (Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
Chapter 244. Salmonella
244.1. Nontyphoidal Salmonellosis
244.2. Enteric Fever (Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever)
Chapter 245. Shigella
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
IMMUNITY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 246. Escherichia coli
ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI
ENTEROINVASIVE ESCHERICHIA COLI
ENTEROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI
ENTEROAGGREGATIVE ESCHERICHIA COLI
SHIGA TOXIN–PRODUCING ESCHERICHIA COLI
ENTEROAGGREGATIVE HEMORRHAGIC ESCHERICHIA COLI
DIFFUSELY ADHERENT ESCHERICHIA COLI
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION OF ILLNESS
Chapter 247. Cholera
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 248. Campylobacter
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 249. Yersinia
249.1. Yersinia enterocolitica
249.2. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
249.3. Plague (Yersinia pestis)
Chapter 250. Aeromonas and Plesiomonas
250.1. Aeromonas
250.2. Plesiomonas shigelloides
Chapter 251. Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Stenotrophomonas
251.1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa
251.2. Burkholderia cepacia Complex
251.3. Stenotrophomonas
Chapter 252. Tularemia (Francisella tularensis)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 253. Brucella
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 254. Legionella
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 255. Bartonella
255.1
255.1. Cat Scratch Disease (Bartonella henselae)
255.2. Bartonellosis (Bartonella bacilliformis)
255.3. Trench Fever (Bartonella quintana)
255.4. Bacillary Angiomatosis and Bacillary Peliosis Hepatis (Bartonella henselae and Bartonella quintana)
Section 6. Anaerobic Bacterial Infections
Chapter 256. Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
SUPPORTIVE CARE
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 257. Tetanus (Clostridium tetani)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
SUPPORTIVE CARE
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 258. Clostridioides difficile Infection
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS AND RECURRENCE
PREVENTION
Chapter 259. Other Anaerobic Infections
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
ANAEROBIC GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI
ANAEROBIC GRAM-POSITIVE ORGANISMS
Section 7. Mycobacterial Infections
Chapter 260. Principles of Antimycobacterial Therapy
AGENTS USED AGAINST MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS
AGENTS USED AGAINST MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE
AGENTS USED AGAINST NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA
Chapter 261. Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis)
CLINICAL STAGES
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TRANSMISSION
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
IMMUNE-BASED TESTING (“TESTS OF TUBERCULOSIS INFECTION”)
MYCOBACTERIAL SAMPLING, SUSCEPTIBILITY, AND CULTURE
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 262. Hansen Disease (Mycobacterium leprae)
MICROBIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
DISEASE CLASSIFICATION
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
LONG-TERM COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
Chapter 263. Nontuberculous Mycobacteria
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Section 8. Spirochetal Infections
Chapter 264. Syphilis (Treponema pallidum)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 265. Nonvenereal Treponemal Infections
265.1. Yaws (Treponema pertenue)
265.2. Bejel (Endemic Syphilis; Treponema pallidum endemicum)
265.3. Pinta (Treponema carateum)
Chapter 266. Leptospira
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 267. Relapsing Fever (Borrelia)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 268. Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi)
ETIOLOGY
TRANSMISSION
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Section 9. Mycoplasmal Infections
Chapter 269. Mycoplasma pneumoniae
THE ORGANISM
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 270. Genital Mycoplasmas (Mycoplasma hominis, Mycoplasma genitalium, and Ureaplasma urealyticum)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TRANSMISSION
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Section 10. Chlamydial Infections
Chapter 271. Chlamydia pneumoniae
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
Chapter 272. Chlamydia trachomatis
272.1. Trachoma
272.2. Genital Tract Infections
272.3. Conjunctivitis and Pneumonia in Newborns
272.4. Lymphogranuloma Venereum
Chapter 273. Psittacosis (Chlamydia psittaci)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Section 11. Rickettsial Infections
Chapter 274. Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses
Introduction
274.1. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (Rickettsia rickettsii)
274.2. Mediterranean Spotted Fever or Boutonneuse Fever (Rickettsia conorii)
274.3. Rickettsialpox (Rickettsia akari) and Flea-Borne Spotted Fever
Chapter 275. Scrub Typhus (Orientia tsutsugamushi)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TRANSMISSION
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT AND SUPPORTIVE CARE
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
Chapter 276. Typhus Group Rickettsioses
276.1. Murine (Endemic or Flea-Borne) Typhus (Rickettsia typhi)
276.2. Epidemic (Louse-Borne) Typhus (Rickettsia prowazekii)
Chapter 277. Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TRANSMISSION
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS AND PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 278. Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TRANSMISSION
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS AND COMPLICATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Section 12. Fungal Infections
Chapter 279. Principles of Antifungal Therapy
POLYENES
PYRIMIDINE ANALOGS
AZOLES
ECHINOCANDINS
Chapter 280. Candida
280.1. Neonatal Infections
280.2. Infections in Immunocompetent Children and Adolescents
280.3. Infections in Immunocompromised Children and Adolescents
Chapter 281. Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 282. Malassezia
Chapter 283. Aspergillus
283.1. Allergic Disease (Hypersensitivity Syndromes)
283.2. Saprophytic (Noninvasive) Syndromes
283.3. Invasive Disease
Chapter 284. Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 285. Blastomycosis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 286. Coccidioidomycosis (Coccidioides Species)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 287. Paracoccidioides brasiliensis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 288. Sporotrichosis (Sporothrix schenckii)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 289. Mucormycosis
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 290. Pneumocystis jirovecii
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
PATHOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS AND DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
SUPPORTIVE CARE
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 291. Other Pathogenic Fungi
PHAEOHYPHOMYCOSIS: Cladophialophora bantiana, Bipolaris spp., AND OTHERS
HYALOHYPHOMYCOSIS: Fusarium AND Scedosporium spp. AND OTHERS
Section 13. Viral Infections
Chapter 292. Principles of Antiviral Therapy
ANTIVIRALS USED FOR HERPESVIRUSES
ANTIVIRALS USED FOR RESPIRATORY VIRAL INFECTIONS
ANTIVIRALS USED FOR COVID-19
ANTIVIRALS USED FOR HEPATITIS
ANTIVIRAL IMMUNE GLOBULINS
Chapter 293. Measles
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TRANSMISSION
PATHOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
MODIFIED MEASLES INFECTION
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 294. Rubella
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSES
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
SUPPORTIVE CARE
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
VACCINATION
Chapter 295. Mumps
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 296. Polioviruses
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
TRANSMISSION
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 297. Nonpolio Enteroviruses
ETIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS AND PROGNOSIS
Chapter 298. Parvoviruses
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PREVENTION
Chapter 299. Herpes Simplex Virus
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
TREATMENT AND PREVENTION
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 300. Varicella-Zoster Virus
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
COMPLICATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 301. Epstein-Barr Virus
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
ONCOGENESIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 302. Cytomegalovirus
THE VIRUS AND ITS HOST INTERACTIONS
EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PREVENTION
Chapter 303. Roseola (Human Herpesviruses 6 and 7)
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS
COMPLICATIONS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 304. Human Herpesvirus 8
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY AND PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
Chapter 305. Influenza Viruses
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
COMPLICATIONS
LABORATORY FINDINGS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
SUPPORTIVE CARE
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 306. Parainfluenza Viruses
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS AND DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
COMPLICATIONS
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 307. Respiratory Syncytial Virus
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOGENESIS
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
PROGNOSIS
PREVENTION
Chapter 308. Human Metapneumovirus
ETIOLOGY
ETIOLOGY
EPIDEMIOLOGY
PATHOLOGY